Desempenho produtivo da alface em diferentes quantidades e tempos de
decomposição de jitirana seca
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Introduction
The degradation progress of the productive capacity of soils associated with
the proliferation of pests and diseases has increased interest in the use of
practices that minimize the degradation processes of soils and prevention of
new areas. According to Fontanetti (2003), green manuring stands out amongst
these techniques, to promote physical improvements, chemical and biological of
soil properties, besides having a great effect in controlling weeds, either by
physical effects and/or allelopathic. The effects of green manuring are
variable, depending on factors, such as the species used, the handling given to
biomass, the time of planting and cutting of green manure, the residence time
of wastes in the soil and the interaction amongst these factors (ALCÂNTARA et
al., 2000).
Apart from legumes, other species have been studied for use as green manure,
including grasses. Recently, studies using spontaneous plant species have
started to emerge. However, these spontaneous species can promote the same
effects of land cover, biomass production and nutrient cycling that introduced
or cultivated species for green manure (FAVERO; JUCKSCH, 2000, LINHARES et al.,
2009b, 2009d). For Klein e Amaral (1988), the alternative of economic use of
these species is mainly based on the ease of reproduction as well as its
minimum requirements for a rational cropping.
Studies on species used as green manure at conditions of northeast Brazil are
still limited. However, it is necessary to conduct research in the search for
plant species adapted to the region with the potential to contribute more
effectively in the protection and regeneration of soil fertility. Amongst these
species is the scarlet starglory (Merremia aegyptia L.), which belongs to the
Convolvulaceae family (LINHARES et al., 2009a, 2009c, 2009e; OLIVEIRA et al.,
2011).
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy vegetable grown with higher commercial
value in Brazil, with about seventy-five commercial cultivars, of which about
eighteen are national (LOPES, 2005). This vegetable has played an increasingly
important role in the list of priority food products for families. Sales at
supermarkets, until recently, served to attract consumers who ended up buying
other goods (marketing strategy). Currently, the situation is changing due to
new standard of life of people that increasingly has less time to prepare
meals.
Another factor that contributes to the above mentioned change is the awareness
of consumers concerning the quality of food that must be produced within
certain technical standards (clean water, fewer pesticides, etc.) and pass by
processes, such as cleaning, sanitizing, grading and standardization to meet
the market requirements (production, packaging and nutritional value) (CAETANO
et al., 2001).
In Rio Grande do Norte, the consumption of lettuce is low compared with other
regions, although a part of the production does meet the domestic demand. In
this state, the planting of this species is restricted to small areas, where
its intensive cultivation, often provides imbalances in soil fertility, causing
mineral deficiency and consequently low productivity (PORTO, 1999).
There is little information about the use of green fertilizers in agricultural
production in the Rio Grande do Norte state. However, the main problems include
the adequacy of the green manure for the cultivation of vegetables, which
depends, amongst other factors, on the region, the ideal management depending
on the vegetable in succession and the complementation need of soil fertility
with the other organic fertilizers (FONTANETTI, 2003).
Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the productive
performance of lettuce at different quantities and times of decomposition of
dry scarlet starglory incorporated into the soil.
Materials and methods
The present study was conducted in the vegetable garden of the Plant Sciences
Department of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), in
Mossoró, RN, Brazil, from June to October 2006, at 5°11' S, 37°20' W and 18 m
of altitude. The climate of the region according to Thornthwaite is semi-arid,
dry and very hot, with a dry season (June to January) and a rainfall season
(February to May). During this research, the mean daytime temperature was 28.2
ºC, daily sunshine 12 h and 50% R.H. The soil was classified as Eutrophic
Yellow-Red Ultisols. Samples were taken in the experimental area and mixed in
order to obtain a composite sample, which was analyzed at the Laboratory of
Chemistry and Fertility of Soils of the UFERSA. The following results were
obtained: pH (soil:water ratio 1:2.5) 7.40 (alkaline soil); Ca 5.43 cmolc dm-3;
Mg 1.83 cmolc dm-3; K 0.42 cmolc dm-3; Na 0.88 cmolc dm-3; Al 0.00 cmolcdm-3; P
2.12 mg dm-3; N 0.65 g kg-1; C 5.62 g kg-1 and C/N 8.65.
The experimental design was a randomized complete block with the treatments
arranged in a factorial 4 x 4 + 1, with three replications. The treatments
consisted of the combination of four amounts of dry scarlet starglory
incorporated into the soil (2.6; 5.2; 7.8 and 10.4 t ha-1 dry matter) with four
times of decomposition (0; 10; 20 and 30 days before the transplanting of
lettuce - DBT), plus an additional treatment (80 t ha-1 of cattle manure, a
treatment traditionally used in the cultivation of lettuce). Each plot had a
total area of 1.44 m2 (1.20 m x 1.20 m) containing 36 lettuce plants spaced of
0.20 m x 0.20 m. The harvest area of each plot was 0.80 m2 (1.00 m x 0.80 m)
containing 16 lettuce plants.
The soil preparation consisted of a harrowing followed by the construction of
beds done manually with a hoe. The incorporation of scarlet starglory in the
different amounts in each plot was done manually every ten days. Initially, the
scarlet starglory amount was incorporated into the soil concerning to the
decomposition time of 30 days. Ten days after was done the incorporation of the
amount in the time of decomposition of 20 days and ten days after was
incorporated the amount of scarlet starglory corresponding to the time of 10
days. Finally, it was incorporated the amount concerning to the time of 0 days.
In each plot of the control treatment was applied the amount of 80 t ha-1 of
cattle manure thirty days before lettuce sowing. Irrigations were carried out
daily in two shifts, during the times of scarlet starglory decomposition, in
order to promote soil microbial activity in the decomposition process. On time
zero, the lettuce seedlings were transplanted to each plot, at 21 days of
sowing. The day after the transplanting of lettuce, soil samples were taken at
0-20 cm depth in each plot of the experiment. The scarlet starglory used in the
present study was collected from an area adjacent to the experiment at the
flowering stage on 17 May 2006, and dried and stored in raffia bags with 12%
humidity until to the installation of the experiment on 19 September 2006.
The cultivar of lettuce grown in the present study was Babá de Verão,
recommended for planting in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. It
belongs to the looseleaf group, and has the following characteristics: large
leaves, slightly wrinkled, color light green, and tolerance to early bolting
(SAKAMA, 2002). Its vegetative stage varies from 45 to 70 days, depending on
the time of planting or region.
The lettuce was sown on 18 October 2006, in plastic cups of 150 ml containing
Plantmax substrate. Three to five seeds were sown per cup, and then thinned out
two times; the first eight days after emergence, leaving three seedlings per
cup and the second fifteen days, leaving only one seedling per cup. The lettuce
seedlings were grown under shading, using a shelter covered with nylon mesh
white. The transplanting to each plot was carried out in the second week of
November 2006, when the seedlings were twenty days after sowing.
The irrigations were performed daily by micro-sprinkling in two applications
(morning and afternoon), providing an average water sheet of 8 mm day-1. Manual
weedings were done when necessary. No kind of a chemical fertilizer supplement
was used.
The lettuce harvest was performed 48 days after sowing, when the plants reached
the maximum vegetative growth. At the time of the harvest, the plant stems were
cut close to the ground. The following lettuce characteristics were evaluated:
plant height and diameter, number of leaves per plant, fresh (productivity) and
dry mass of shoots.
A univariate analysis of variance for randomized complete block design with the
treatments arranged in a factorial design was performed on each characteristic
of the lettuce through of the software SISVAR 3.01 (FERREIRA, 2000). The
procedure for adjustment of the response curve was performed using the software
Table Curve (JANDEL SCIENTIFIC, 1991). The response functions were evaluated
based on the following criteria: significance of the error mean square of
regression (EMSReg), high coefficient of determination (R2), and significance
of regression parameters, using the t test at 0.05. The t test was also used to
compare the mean of the additional treatment with the maximum mean of the
treatment originated from the factorial.
Results and discussion
There was no significant interaction between the amounts of dry scarlet
starglory incorporated into the soil and their times of decomposition in the
plant height of lettuce (FIG._1A; FIG._1B). However, a quadratic function and
an upward curve were adjusted to the height of plants under the amounts of dry
scarlet starglory and their times of decomposition, respectively. The plant
height increased with increasing amounts of scarlet starglory until the maximum
value of 21.14 cm in the amount of scarlet starglory incorporated of 7.52 t ha-
1 was reached, and decreasing thereafter, until the maximum amount of 10.4 t
ha-1(FIG._1A). With the increasing time of decomposition of scarlet starglory,
an increase in the height of the plants was observed, with the maximum value of
20.63 cm obtained in the time 30 days of decomposition, corresponding to an
increase of 13.4% over the time zero day (FIG._1B).
Linhares et al. (2007) observed an increase in the height of the rocket plants
in function of the amounts of scarlet starglory applied and their times of
decomposition, registering the highest values in the amount of 13.0 t ha-1 and
at the time of 20 days of the incorporation. According to these authors, the
macronutrient contents of scarlet starglory were in the order of 2.62% N, 0.17%
P, 0.04% K and 1.95% Mg¸ respectively. Besides the nutrients available, the C/
N ratio of 19/1 of this green manure was an important factor to promote the
plant growth. The catering of N in adequate concentration favors vegetative
growth; the photosynthetic active area expands and increases the productive
potential of the crop because N plays a fundamental role in the growth and
yield of the harvested products from leafy vegetables. An adequate supply of N
is associated with high photosynthetic activity and the vigorous vegetative
growth (FILGUEIRA, 2000). In lettuce, high doses of N provided a greater fresh
weight and higher accumulation of nutrients in the leaves regardless of the
source (ALVARENGA et al., 2000).
A significant interaction between the amounts of dry scarlet starglory
incorporated into the soil and their decomposition times was observed on the
diameter of the lettuce plants and number of leaves per plant (FIG._2A; FIG.
2B). A linear function upward and a quadratic function were adjusted for the
diameter of plants in function of the amounts of dry scarlet starglory applied
within each time of decomposition. Partitioning this interaction, an increase
in the diameter of plants with increasing amounts of scarlet starglory
incorporated was observed at the time zero days, with the maximum value of
22.92 cm obtained in the amount of 10.4 t ha-1, corresponding to an increase of
36.2% in relation to a less amount applied of scarlet starglory of 2.6 t ha-1
(FIG._2A). For times of 10; 20 and 30 days of decomposition, the diameter of
plants increased with an increasing amount of scarlet starglory until the
maximum values of 20.15, 24.69 and 25.42 cm, corresponding to the following
amounts of dry scarlet starglory incorporated into the soil of 4.96, 7.00 and
6.36 t ha-1, and decreasing thereafter until the maximum amount of scarlet
starglory was incorporated (FIG._2A). Castilhos et al. (2007) observed an
increase of 11% in the diameter of lettuce using fertilization with the
vermicompost of pig and horse as compared to mineral fertilization.
A quadratic function and an exponential were adjusted for the number of leaves
per plant under the different amounts of dry scarlet starglory applied within
each time of decomposition (FIG._2B). For times of 0; 10 and 20 days of
decomposition, the number of leaves per plant increased with an increasing
amount of scarlet starglory until the maximum values of 34.8, 35.5 and 39.3,
corresponding to the following amounts of scarlet starglory incorporated of
5.13, 6.54 and 5.92 t ha-1, and decreasing thereafter until the maximum amount
of green manure was incorporated (FIG._2B). For the time of 30 days of
decomposition, there was stability in the number of leaves per plant of lettuce
of around 33, between the amounts of scarlet starglory applied of 2.6 and 7.8 t
ha-1. However, there was a small increase in the number of leaves (6) from the
amount of 7.8 t ha-1 until the highest amount was incorporated (10.4 t ha-1),
reaching a value of 39 leaves per plant of lettuce.
For the fresh and dry mass of lettuce shoots, there was no significant
interaction between the amounts of dry scarlet starglory incorporated into the
soil and their times of decomposition (FIG._3A; FIG._3D). However, a quadratic
function was adjusted for fresh and dry mass of shoots (FIG._3A; FIG._3C). An
increase in both the masses in function of the increasing amounts of scarlet
starglory applied was observed until the values of 15.33 t ha-1 and 1.41 t ha-
1, corresponding to the amounts of incorporated scarlet starglory of 6.68 t ha-
1 and 7.76 t ha-1, respectively were reached, decreasing thereafter until the
maximum amount of scarlet starglory applied of 10.4 t ha-1 (FIG._3A; FIG._3C).
Moreover, an upward curve and a quadratic function for fresh and dry mass of
lettuce shoots in function of the times of scarlet starglory decomposition
(FIG._3B; FIG._3D) were adjusted. An increase in the fresh mass of lettuce
shoots due to the increase in the time of decomposition was observed, reaching
the maximum value of 16.66 t ha-1 in the time 30 days, and representing an
increase of 27.7% in relation the time zero day (FIG._3B). With the increase in
the time of decomposition, there was an increase in the dry mass of lettuce
shoots until the value of 1.41 t ha-1, corresponding to the time of 21.4 days,
and decreasing thereafter until the time of 30 days (FIG._3D). These results of
increased fresh and dry mass in the times of 30 and 21.4 days, respectively,
was due to slow decomposition of dry scarlet starglory due to a high C/N ratio.
This may have caused a synchrony between the period of greatest demand for
nutrients by lettuce and the release of nutrients by scarlet starglory.
According to Katayama (1993), the highest nutrient demand in the lettuce crop
was in the last weeks of the cycle. According to Silva, Maia and Oliveira
(2000), susceptibility to mineralization of organic material proved essential
to ensure that the stages of the greatest nutrient demand of the culture were
synchronized with the release of nutrients mineralized by the organic
fertilizers. Oliveira et al. (2006) also obtained an increase in the average
weight of the lettuce head as a function of the increasing concentration of
bed-of-poultry applied on dressing. Zárate, Vieira and Cabeças Júnior (1997)
also reported increase on the lettuce productivity with increasing amount of
bed-of-poultry on dressing.
Oliveira et al. (2006) also obtained an increase in the average weight of the
lettuce head as a function of the increasing concentration of bed-of-poultry
applied on dressing. Zárate, Vieira and Cabeças Júnior (1997) also reported
increase on the lettuce productivity with increasing amount of bed-of-poultry
on dressing.
Significant differences between the mean maximum values obtained from the
factorial and the control treatment (cattle manure) were observed for the plant
height (PH), plant diameter (PD), number of leaves per plant (NL), and fresh
(FM) and dry mass (DM) of the lettuce shoots (TAB._1). These differences were
approximately 45.2%, 47.9%, 21.8%, 43.6% and 13.7% respectively, confirming the
potential of scarlet starglory (spontaneous species) as green manure.
Conclusions
1. The incorporation of dry scarlet starglory into the soil influenced the
productive performance of lettuce in a positive way, thereby showing promise
for use as a green manure;
2. The highest productivity of the lettuce (15.33 t ha-1) was obtained with the
incorporation of 6.68 t ha-1 of dry scarlet starglory to the ground in time of
30 days before transplanting of the lettuce.
